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␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u1


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓↓The␈αFifth␈αGeneration␈α-␈αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αand␈αJapan's␈αComputer␈αChallenge␈αto␈αthe␈αWorld␈↓␈α-␈αby
␈↓ α∧␈↓Edward Feigenbaum and Pamela McCorduck, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTJapan␈α
has␈αreplaced␈α
the␈α
Soviet␈αUnion␈α
as␈α
the␈αworld's␈α
second␈α
place␈αindustrial␈α
power.␈α (Look␈α
at

␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈α∞globe␈α∞and␈α∞be␈α∞impressed).␈α∞ However,␈α
many␈α∞people,␈α∞Japanese␈α∞included,␈α∞consider␈α∞that␈α∞this␈α
has

␈↓ α∧␈↓relied␈αtoo␈αmuch␈αon␈αimported␈αscience␈αand␈αtechnology␈α-␈αtoo␈αmuch␈αfor␈αthe␈αrespect␈αof␈αthe␈αrest␈αof␈αthe

␈↓ α∧␈↓world,␈α⊃too␈α⊃much␈α⊃for␈α⊃Japanese␈α⊃self␈α∩respect,␈α⊃and␈α⊃too␈α⊃much␈α⊃for␈α⊃the␈α∩technological␈α⊃independence

␈↓ α∧␈↓needed␈α⊃for␈α⊃Japan␈α⊂to␈α⊃continue␈α⊃to␈α⊂advance␈α⊃at␈α⊃previous␈α⊂rates.␈α⊃ The␈α⊃Fifth␈α⊃Generation␈α⊂computer

␈↓ α∧␈↓project␈α
is␈α
one␈α∞Japanese␈α
attempt␈α
to␈α
break␈α∞out␈α
of␈α
the␈α
habit␈α∞of␈α
copying␈α
and␈α
generate␈α∞Japan's␈α
own

␈↓ α∧␈↓share of scientific and technological innovations.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈α⊂idea␈α⊃is␈α⊂that␈α⊂the␈α⊃1990s␈α⊂should␈α⊂see␈α⊃a␈α⊂new␈α⊂"fifth"␈α⊃generation␈α⊂of␈α⊂computers␈α⊃based␈α⊂on

␈↓ α∧␈↓"knowledge␈α∃information␈α∃processing"␈α∃rather␈α∀than␈α∃"data␈α∃processing".␈α∃ "Knowledge␈α∀information

␈↓ α∧␈↓processing"␈α∪is␈α∪a␈α∪vague␈α∪term␈α∪that␈α∪promises␈α∪important␈α∪advances␈α∪in␈α∪the␈α∪direction␈α∪of␈α∩artificial

␈↓ α∧␈↓intelligence␈α⊂but␈α∂is␈α⊂non-committal␈α∂about␈α⊂specific␈α∂performance.␈α⊂ The␈α∂present␈α⊂book␈α⊂describes␈α∂this

␈↓ α∧␈↓project,␈α
predicts␈α
substantial␈α
success␈α
in␈α
meeting␈α
its␈α
goals␈α
and␈α
argues␈α
that␈α
the␈α
U.S.␈α
will␈α
fall␈α
behind␈α
in

␈↓ α∧␈↓computing unless we make a similar coherent effort.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈α⊃Fifth␈α⊃Generation␈α∩Project␈α⊃(ICOT)␈α⊃is␈α∩the␈α⊃idea␈α⊃of␈α∩Kazuhiro␈α⊃Fuchi␈α⊃of␈α∩the␈α⊃Japanese

␈↓ α∧␈↓government's␈α≤Electro-Technical␈α≤Laboratory␈α≤-␈α≤ICOT,␈α≤while␈α≤supported␈α≤by␈α≤industry␈α≤and

␈↓ α∧␈↓government,␈α∀is␈α∀an␈α∀independent␈α∀institution.␈α∀ Fuchi␈α∀has␈α∀borrowed␈α∀about␈α∀forty␈α∃engineers␈α∀and

␈↓ α∧␈↓computer␈α
scientists,␈α
all␈α
under␈α
35,␈α
for␈α
periods␈α
of␈α
three␈α
years␈α
from␈α
the␈α
leading␈α
Japanese␈α
computer

␈↓ α∧␈↓companies.␈α Thus␈αthe␈αorganization␈α
and␈αmanagement␈αof␈αthe␈αproject␈α
is␈αas␈αinnovative␈αas␈α
one␈αcould

␈↓ α∧␈↓ask.␈α
 With␈αonly␈α
forty␈α
people,␈αthe␈α
project␈αis␈α
so␈α
far␈αa␈α
tiny␈αpart␈α
of␈α
the␈αtotal␈α
Japanese␈αcomputer␈α
effort,

␈↓ α∧␈↓but it is scheduled to grow in subsequent phases.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈αproject␈αis␈αplanned␈αto␈α
take␈αabout␈αten␈αyears.␈α They␈α
will␈αdesign␈αcomputers␈αbased␈αon␈α
"logic

␈↓ α∧␈↓programming",␈α
an␈α
invention␈αof␈α
Alain␈α
Colmerauer␈αof␈α
the␈α
University␈αof␈α
Marseilles␈α
in␈α
France␈αand

␈↓ α∧␈↓Robert␈α∞Kowalski␈α
of␈α∞Imperial␈α
College␈α∞in␈α
London,␈α∞and␈α
implemented␈α∞in␈α
a␈α∞computer␈α
programming
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u2


␈↓ α∧␈↓language␈αcalled␈α
Prolog.␈α They␈α
want␈αto␈α
use␈αadditional␈α
ideas␈αof␈α
"dataflow"␈αdeveloped␈α
at␈αM.I.T.␈α
 and

␈↓ α∧␈↓to␈α∞make␈α∞highly␈α∞parallel␈α
machines.␈α∞ Some␈α∞Japanese␈α∞university␈α
scientists␈α∞consider␈α∞that␈α∞the␈α
project

␈↓ α∧␈↓still has too much tendency to look to the West for scientific ideas.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTMaking␈α⊂parallel␈α⊂machines␈α⊂based␈α⊂on␈α⊂logic␈α⊂programming␈α⊂is␈α⊂a␈α⊂straightforward␈α∂engineering

␈↓ α∧␈↓task,␈α∂and␈α⊂there␈α∂is␈α∂little␈α⊂doubt␈α∂that␈α∂this␈α⊂part␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α⊂project␈α∂will␈α∂succeed.␈α⊂ The␈α∂grander␈α⊂goal␈α∂of

␈↓ α∧␈↓shifting␈α
the␈α
center␈α
of␈α
gravity␈α
of␈α
computer␈α
use␈α
to␈α
the␈α
intelligent␈α
processing␈α
of␈α
knowledge␈α
is␈αmore

␈↓ α∧␈↓doubtful␈α∩as␈α∩a␈α∩ten␈α∩year␈α∩effort.␈α∩ The␈α∪level␈α∩of␈α∩intelligence␈α∩to␈α∩be␈α∩achieved␈α∩is␈α∪ill-defined.␈α∩ The

␈↓ α∧␈↓applications␈α∩are␈α∪also␈α∩ill-defined.␈α∪ Some␈α∩of␈α∪the␈α∩goals,␈α∪such␈α∩as␈α∪common␈α∩sense␈α∪knowledge␈α∩and

␈↓ α∧␈↓reasoning ability require fundamental scientific discoveries which cannot be scheduled in advance.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTMy␈α⊂own␈α⊃scientific␈α⊂field␈α⊃is␈α⊂making␈α⊃computer␈α⊂programs␈α⊃with␈α⊂common␈α⊃sense,␈α⊂and␈α⊃when␈α⊂I

␈↓ α∧␈↓visited␈α
ICOT,␈αI␈α
asked␈αwho␈α
was␈αworking␈α
on␈αthe␈α
problem.␈α It␈α
was␈αdisappointing␈α
to␈αlearn␈α
that␈αthe

␈↓ α∧␈↓answer␈αwas␈α"no-one".␈α This␈αis␈αa␈αsubject␈αto␈αwhich␈αthe␈αJapanese␈αhave␈αmade␈αfew␈αcontributions,␈αand

␈↓ α∧␈↓it␈αprobably␈αisn't␈αsuited␈αto␈αpeople␈αborrowed␈αfrom␈αcomputer␈αcompanies␈αfor␈αthree␈αyears.␈α Therefore,

␈↓ α∧␈↓one␈α
can't␈αbe␈α
optimistic␈αthat␈α
this␈α
important␈αpart␈α
of␈αthe␈α
project␈α
goals␈αwill␈α
be␈αachieved␈α
in␈α
the␈αtime

␈↓ α∧␈↓set.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈α∪Fifth␈α∪Generation␈α∪Project␈α∩was␈α∪announced␈α∪at␈α∪a␈α∩time␈α∪when␈α∪the␈α∪Western␈α∩industrial

␈↓ α∧␈↓countries␈α∞were␈α∞ready␈α∞for␈α∞another␈α∞bout␈α∞of␈α∂viewing␈α∞with␈α∞alarm;␈α∞the␈α∞journalists␈α∞have␈α∞tired␈α∂of␈α∞the

␈↓ α∧␈↓"energy␈α⊗crisis"␈α⊗-␈α⊗not␈α∃that␈α⊗it␈α⊗has␈α⊗been␈α⊗solved.␈α∃ Even␈α⊗apart␈α⊗from␈α⊗the␈α⊗recession,␈α∃industrial

␈↓ α∧␈↓productivity␈α
has␈α
stagnated;␈αit␈α
has␈α
actually␈α
declined␈αin␈α
industries␈α
heavily␈α
affected␈αby␈α
environmental

␈↓ α∧␈↓and␈α∞safety␈α∞innovations.␈α∞ Meanwhile␈α
Japan␈α∞has␈α∞taken␈α∞the␈α
lead␈α∞in␈α∞automobile␈α∞production␈α∞and␈α
in

␈↓ α∧␈↓some other industries.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAt␈αthe␈αsame␈αtime,␈α
artificial␈αintelligence␈αresearch␈αwas␈αgetting␈α
a␈αnew␈αround␈αof␈αpublicity␈α
which

␈↓ α∧␈↓seems␈α∞to␈α∞go␈α∂in␈α∞a␈α∞seven␈α∂year␈α∞cycle.␈α∞ For␈α∂a␈α∞while␈α∞every␈α∞editor␈α∂wants␈α∞a␈α∞story␈α∂on␈α∞AI␈α∞and␈α∂the␈α∞free

␈↓ α∧␈↓lancers␈α
oblige,␈α
and␈α
then␈α
suddenly␈α
the␈α
editors␈α
get␈α
tired␈α
of␈α
it.␈α
 This␈α
round␈α
of␈α
publicity␈α
has␈α
more␈α
new
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u3


␈↓ α∧␈↓facts␈α
behind␈αit␈α
than␈αbefore,␈α
because␈αexpert␈α
systems␈αare␈α
beginning␈αto␈α
achieve␈αpractical␈α
results,␈αi.e.

␈↓ α∧␈↓results that companies will pay money for.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTTherefore,␈α∩the␈α⊃Fifth␈α∩Generation␈α∩Project␈α⊃has␈α∩received␈α⊃enormous␈α∩publicity,␈α∩and␈α⊃Western

␈↓ α∧␈↓computer␈α∩scientists␈α∪have␈α∩taken␈α∩it␈α∪as␈α∩an␈α∩occasion␈α∪for␈α∩spurring␈α∩on␈α∪their␈α∩colleagues␈α∪and␈α∩their

␈↓ α∧␈↓governments.␈α Apocalyptic␈αlanguage␈αis␈αused␈αthat␈αsuggests␈αthat␈αthere␈αis␈αa␈αbattle␈αto␈αthe␈αdeath␈α-␈αonly

␈↓ α∧␈↓one␈α
computer␈α
industry␈α
can␈α
survive,␈αtheirs␈α
or␈α
ours.␈α
 Either␈α
we␈αsolve␈α
all␈α
the␈α
problems␈α
of␈αartificial

␈↓ α∧␈↓intelligence right away or they walk all over us.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTEdward␈α⊂Feigenbaum␈α⊂is␈α⊃the␈α⊂leader␈α⊂of␈α⊃one␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂major␈α⊃groups␈α⊂that␈α⊂has␈α⊃achieved␈α⊂these

␈↓ α∧␈↓results␈α⊂with␈α⊂programs␈α⊂applicable␈α∂to␈α⊂chemistry␈α⊂and␈α⊂medicine.␈α⊂ He␈α∂is␈α⊂also␈α⊂one␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α∂American

␈↓ α∧␈↓computer␈α⊃scientists␈α∩with␈α⊃extensive␈α⊃Japanese␈α∩contacts␈α⊃and␈α⊃extensive␈α∩interaction␈α⊃with␈α∩the␈α⊃Fifth

␈↓ α∧␈↓Generation Project.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTPamela␈α∞McCorduck␈α
is␈α∞a␈α∞science␈α
writer␈α∞with␈α
a␈α∞previous␈α∞book␈α
␈↓↓Machines␈α∞Who␈α∞Think␈↓␈α
about

␈↓ α∧␈↓the history of artificial intelligence research.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈α
book␈α
contains␈α
much␈α
interesting␈αdescription␈α
of␈α
the␈α
Japanese␈α
project␈α
and␈αAmerican␈α
work

␈↓ α∧␈↓in related areas.  However, Feigenbaum and McCorduck concentrate on two main points.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTFirst, knowledge engineering will dominate computing by the 1990s.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTSecond,␈αAmerica␈αis␈αin␈αdeep␈αtrouble␈αif␈αwe␈αdon't␈αorganize␈αa␈αsystematic␈αeffort␈αto␈αcompete␈αwith

␈↓ α∧␈↓the Japanese in this area.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTWhile␈α∂knowledge␈α⊂engineering␈α∂will␈α⊂increase␈α∂in␈α∂importance,␈α⊂many␈α∂of␈α⊂its␈α∂goals␈α⊂will␈α∂require

␈↓ α∧␈↓fundamental␈α
scientific␈α
advances␈α
that␈α
cannot␈α
be␈α
scheduled␈α
to␈α
a␈α
fixed␈α
time␈α∞frame.␈α
 Unfortunately,

␈↓ α∧␈↓even␈α
in␈α
the␈αUnited␈α
States␈α
and␈αBritain,␈α
the␈α
hope␈αof␈α
quick␈α
applications␈αhas␈α
lured␈α
too␈αmany␈α
students

␈↓ α∧␈↓away␈αfrom␈αbasic␈α
research.␈α Moreover,␈αour␈α
industrial␈αsystem␈αhas␈α
serious␈αweaknesses,␈αsome␈αof␈α
which

␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈α∩Japanese␈α∩have␈α∩avoided.␈α⊃ For␈α∩example,␈α∩if␈α∩we␈α∩were␈α⊃to␈α∩match␈α∩their␈α∩forty␈α∩engineer␈α⊃project

␈↓ α∧␈↓according␈α⊃to␈α⊃output␈α⊂of␈α⊃our␈α⊃educational␈α⊂system,␈α⊃our␈α⊃project␈α⊂would␈α⊃have␈α⊃twenty␈α⊃engineers␈α⊂and

␈↓ α∧␈↓twenty lawyers.
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u4


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈αauthors␈αare␈α
properly␈αcautious␈αabout␈αwhat␈α
kind␈αof␈αan␈αAmerican␈α
project␈αis␈αcalled␈αfor.␈α
 It

␈↓ α∧␈↓simply␈αcannot␈αbe␈αan␈αApollo-style␈αproject,␈αbecause␈αthat␈αdepended␈αon␈αhaving␈αa␈αrather␈αprecise␈αplan

␈↓ α∧␈↓in␈α∂the␈α∂beginning␈α∂that␈α⊂could␈α∂see␈α∂all␈α∂the␈α⊂way␈α∂to␈α∂the␈α∂end␈α∂and␈α⊂did␈α∂not␈α∂depend␈α∂on␈α⊂new␈α∂scientific

␈↓ α∧␈↓discoveries.␈α Activities␈αthat␈αwere␈αpart␈αof␈αthe␈αplan␈αwere␈αpushed,␈αand␈αeverything␈αthat␈αwas␈α
not␈αpart

␈↓ α∧␈↓of␈α
it␈αwas␈α
ruthlessly␈αtrimmed.␈α
 This␈α
would␈αbe␈α
disastrous␈αwhen␈α
we␈α
cannot␈αpredict␈α
what␈αresearch␈α
will

␈↓ α∧␈↓be relevant to the goal.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTMoreover,␈αif␈αit␈αis␈αcorrect␈αthat␈αgood␈αnew␈αideas␈αare␈αmore␈αlikely␈αto␈αbe␈αdecisive␈αin␈αthis␈αfield␈αat

␈↓ α∧␈↓this␈αtime␈αthan␈αsystematic␈αwork␈α
on␈αexisting␈αideas,␈αwe␈αwill␈αmake␈α
the␈αmost␈αprogress␈αif␈αthere␈αis␈α
money

␈↓ α∧␈↓to␈α∂support␈α∂unsolicited␈α∞proposals.␈α∂ The␈α∂researcher␈α∞should␈α∂propose␈α∂goals␈α∞and␈α∂the␈α∂funders␈α∞should

␈↓ α∧␈↓decide how he and his project compare with the competition.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTA␈α
unified␈α∞government-initiated␈α
plan␈α∞imposed␈α
on␈α∞industry␈α
has␈α∞great␈α
potential␈α∞for␈α
disaster.

␈↓ α∧␈↓The␈αgroup␈αwith␈αthe␈αbest␈αpolitical␈αskills␈αmight␈αget␈αtheir␈αideas␈αadopted.␈α We␈αshould␈αremember␈αthat

␈↓ α∧␈↓present␈α∂day␈α⊂integrated␈α∂circuits␈α⊂are␈α∂based␈α⊂on␈α∂an␈α⊂approach␈α∂rejected␈α⊂for␈α∂Government␈α⊂support␈α∂in

␈↓ α∧␈↓1960.␈α
 A␈α
good␈α∞mixture␈α
of␈α
Government␈α
and␈α∞industry␈α
supported␈α
research␈α
including␈α∞consortia␈α
like

␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈α
MCC␈α∞set␈α
up␈α∞in␈α
Austin,␈α∞Texas␈α
under␈α
the␈α∞leadership␈α
of␈α∞Admiral␈α
Bobby␈α∞Inman␈α
has␈α∞the␈α
best

␈↓ α∧␈↓chance of making the innovations required.